Atom and Energy-level Diagram free essay sample

1. The development of MRI imaging technology is one useful spinoff of basic research into structure of the atom. Research, however, is expensive. Many people argue that high cost of research outweighs its potential benefits. Provide one argument for and one argument against increasing current funding for atomic-structure research. Use specific examples from this lesson in your answer to support each position. (6 marks) Answer: 2. The emission spectrum of an unknown element contains two lines-one in the visible portion of spectrum and the other, ultraviolet. Based on Figure 1. 1 and on what you have learned about Niels Bohr’s model of atom, account for the difference in energy between these lines. (3 marks) Answer: The line which is on the visible portion of spectrum is produced when electron is jumping from higher to lower energy level orbit thus releasing energy and electromagnetic waves featuring longer wavelengths, which mean that these lines are lower in energy compared to line which is emitting on ultraviolet portion of spectrum. We will write a custom essay sample on Atom and Energy-level Diagram or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The line which is on ultraviolet region of spectrum indicates that electron is jumping from highest (higher than previous one) energy level orbit to lowest energy level orbit thus releasing more energy and waves of shorter wavelengths. 3. a. Draw the energy-level diagram and write the electronic configuration for zirconium (element 40). (3 marks) Energy-level diagram for zirconium is drawn below: 4d 5s 4p 3d 4s 3p 3s 2p 2s 1s Electronic configuration for zirconium is given below: s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d2 b. Use the diagram to explain why the Zr4+ ion exists. (2 marks) When the outer orbitals are filled with applicable number of electrons the element tends to becomes chemically stable under normal conditions. Zirconium atomic structure contains 40 electrons. The nearest noble gas element to zirconium is Krypton, which contains 36 electrons. Therefore, Zirconium will lose 4 electrons, 2 electrons from 5s orbital and 2 electrons from 4d orbital. The energy-level diagram for Zr4+ will look like following: 4p 3d 4s 3p 3s 2p 2s 1s This energy-level diagram is also similar to Krypton energy-level diagram. c. Compare the stability of the Zr atom and the Zr ion. Account for any difference in their stability. (2 marks) Zr atom is neutral i. e. , have 40 electrons and 40 protons. However Zr 4+ ion is charged ion and chemically stable. The outer sub-levels is filled with applicable number of electrons making it difficult to react

The loons Essay Example

The loons Essay Margaret Laurence was one of the great Canadian fiction writers who was born in neepawa, Manitoba in 1926.She spent her childhood without her parents and was raised by her aunt. She is best known for her Manawaka novels: The Stone Angel, A Jest of God, The Fire Dwellers and The Diviners, which are considered classics of Canadian literature. A bird in the house is one of the best fictions written by Margaret Laurence. A Bird in the House is a series of eight interconnected short stories narrated by Vanessa MacLeod as she matures from a child at age ten into a young woman at age twenty. Wise for her years, Vanessa reveals much about the adult world in which she lives. A Bird in the House achieves the breadth of scope which usually associates with the novel and thereby is as psychologically valid as a good novel, and at the same time uses the techniques of the short story form to reveal the different aspects of the young Vanessa. In loons, Margaret Laurence successfully describes the al ienation felt by the young Piquettte tonnerre, who represent an ethnic group rejected by a cruel society, due to the fact that they are different. Piquette, a half breed, neither Cree nor French, is forced to grow up in this cruel and cold society (197). When describing piquettes status, Laurence allows the reader to understand how the society of the time perceived them: The tonnerres were French half breeds, and among themselves they spoke a patois that was neither Cree nor French. Their English was broken and full of obscenities. They were, as Grandmother Macleod would have put it, neither flesh, fowl, nor good salt herring (197). Grandmother Macleod will refuse to join the whole family in one of their trips, simply because ill piquette will also go, Piquette had the tuberculosis of the bone (197). Ewen, if that half- breed youngster comes along to the diamond lake, Iap

Lilac Breasted Roller essays

Lilac Breasted Roller essays Coracias caudata is commonly referred to as the Lilac-breasted Roller, belonging to the taxon: Aves; Coraciiformes (hornbills, kingfishers, rollers); Coraciidae (rollers); Coracias caudata. The Lilac-breasted Roller is a medium sized bird with a lilac breast. Coracias caudata inhabits eastern and southern Africa, including parts of Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, Congo, Namibia, Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Zambabwe, and Malawi. This roller inhabits Acacia savannas with well spaced trees and brushlands. It can be found in open brush coutry wher isolated trees serve as vantage points. The name roller is derived from their acrobatic flights, aerial gymnastics and tumbling during courting rituals. The rollers characteristic rolling is a territorial advertisement usually performed after copulation against intruders or to draw attention away from a nest or chicks. When rolling, the bird flies strongly upward for about thirty feet, then tips forward and falls with closed wings. The roller plummets, picking up speed, occasionally flapping its wings to gain even more speed. It then levels its flight, rolls to the right and then the left. It will do this five or six times in a matter of seconds. The bird may then sweep upwards, close its wings and lose speed until it tips forward into a repeat of the roll sequence. During breeding season, a display can be observed between rival males or a courting pair. The two birds will sit on separate perches near each other and call repeatedly. They will flatten their bodies, lower their heads, raise their crown feathers, and lift and spread their tail feathers almost vertical. Facing each other, one attacks and they both fly up, chest to chest with flailing wings, apparently attempting to claw at each other. At this point they may fall to the ground and struggle for a short time. Then one bir ...

Mia Mia Mia Essay

Mia Mia Mia Essay Mia Mia Mia Essay Mia This form allows you to generate random text strings. The randomness comes from atmospheric noise, which for many purposes is better than the pseudo-random number algorithms typically used in computer programs. Part 1: The Strings Generate 10 random strings (maximum 10,000). Each string should be 10 characters long (maximum 20). Which characters are allowed to occur in the strings?†¨Numeric digits (0-9)†¨Uppercase letters (A-Z)†¨Lowercase letters (a-z) Do you want each string to be unique?†¨Each string should be unique (like raffle tickets) †¨Identical strings are allowed (like dice rolls) Part 2: Go! Be patient! It may take a little while to generate your strings... Mathangi "Maya" Arulpragasam (born 18 July 1975), better known by her stage name M.I.A., is a British-Sri Lankan-Tamil recording artist, songwriter, painter and director. The moniker "M.I.A." is both a play on her own name and a reference to the abbreviation for Missing in Action. Her compositions combine elements of electronic, dance, alternative, hip hop and world music. Arulpragasam began her career in 2000 as a visual artist, filmmaker and designer in west London before beginning her recording career in 2002. Since rising to prominence in early 2004 for her singles "Sunshowers" and "Galang", charting in the UK and Canada and reaching number 11 on the Billboard Hot Dance Singles Sales in the US, she has been nominated for an Academy Award, two Grammy Awards and the Mercury Prize. She released her dà ©but album Arular in 2005 and second album Kala in 2007 both to universal critical acclaim. Arular charted in Norway, Belgium, Sweden, Japan and the US, where it reached number 16 on the Billboard Independent Albums chart and number three on the Dance/Electronic Albums chart. Kala was certified silver in the United Kingdom and gold in Canada and the United States, where it topped the Dance/Electronic Albums chart. It also charted in several countries across Europe, in Japan and Australia. The album's first single "Boyz" reached the Top 10 in Canada and on the Billboard Hot Dance Singles Sales in 2007, becoming her first Top 10 charting single. The single "Paper Planes" peaked in the Top 20 worldwide and reached number four on the Billboard Hot 100. "Paper Planes" was certified gold in New Zealand and three times platinum in Canada and the US where, as of November 2011, it is ranked the seventh best-selling song by a British artist in the digital era. It has becom e XL Recordings' second best-selling single to date. M.I.A.'s third album Maya was released in 2010 soon after the controversial song-film short "Born Free". This became her highest-charting album in the UK and the US, reaching number nine on the

HR & Development Essay (Unit III) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HR & Development (Unit III) - Essay Example ppropriate guideline for an effective brainstorming process includes making a clear and simple introduction of the idea or problem that needs to be brainstormed (Rothwell & Kazanas 1999). Introduction of the problem creates an avenue for conducting a thorough review on the rules governing the entire brainstorming process. This means that each participant gets an equal chance of presenting his or her idea. In other terms, the process should be welcoming to everyone by avoiding commenting during the proceeding of the brainstorming process. It thus discourages any evaluation hence allows room for duplicate ideas. The next step should be communicated after members contributions. That is, explaining what is required to be done then offer all the members of the group or team some private time to think over the brainstormed question or problem (Sharma, 2008). Finally, open the discussion for the member of that group to devise and come up with a suitable solution. In an on job scenario, the brainstorming process would be applied in solving leadership wrangle within the organization. The companys management team would come up with diverse ideas concerning the problem facing the management and tries to come with a suitable solution. That is, in matters concerning the top most position in the management hierarchy all the concern parties should contribute their points of view on regard to the qualities that need to be consider while selecting the suitable person for the post (Sinha and Sinha 2009). Another common problem that arises in an on the job situation is the issue on the process of performance appraisal. For instance, it requires a team or panel to determine or decides suitable criteria to be adapted while appraising the employees. In other terms, they devise and determine the demerit on which an employee should be accorded or subjected to any form of appraisal or appreciation for high performance (Dubrin, 2009). Group work and teamwork has a disadvantage of

Paraphrase a reports and solve past exams papers Coursework

Paraphrase a reports and solve past exams papers - Coursework Example The funnel was shaken gently until no effervescence was observed. The top organic layer was washed with water followed by brine in the funnel. Both brine and water ought to be 40 ml. The top organic layer was then transferred into a conical flask before adding anhydrous magnesium sulphate. The mixture was swirled and filtrated in a round bottomed flask. The final product was then distilled in a pre-weighed flask that is ice-cold. The weight and melting point was then measured and recorded. In addition the sample of the IR spectra was carried out. Results: Boiling point: 50Â °C-52Â °C Volume: Number of moles: 0.5 mol R.M.M: 74 g/Mol Density: 0.775 g/Mol Mass: 74 0. 5=37 g Volume: Mass/density = 47. 74 ml HCl: Concentration 12 M Number of moles: 1.5 mol Volume=Number of mole / concentration . = = 0.125 L =125Ml. The weight of flask=74. 64 g The weight of flask + sample=92. 36 g Sample’s weight=92. 36-74.64= 17.72 g Theoretical yield = 0.5 x 92.567 =46. 28 g Percentage yield: 1 7.72 x100/46.28 =38. 3 % Discussion: At room temperature 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane was a colorless liquid organic compound. 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane was slightly soluble and spontaneously solvolysed when dissolved in water. 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane was volatile and highly flammable. ... For stability. The bondage existing between oxygen and carbon broke hydrolytically. The breakage formed carbocation and was used as electrophille: species’ lacking electrons. Absence of electrons made chloride ions to attack carbocation hence molecule stability. Carbocation assumed role of Lewis acid that welcomed electron from Cl- forming t-butyl chloride. It was then synthesized through SN1. http://1chemistry.blogspot.co.uk/2011/06/synthesis-of-tert-butyl-chloride.html The excess HCL was neutralized by sodium bicarbonate which gave misleading results. The IR spectra are illustrated below: 2: Hydrobromination of trans-stilbene practical. Aim: When the electrophilic species are added to an alkene, the procedure were allowed prepare various functional group. The below reaction, N-bromosuccinimide acted as an electrophilic species which facilitated the addition of HOBr to the double bond. Method: A mixture of 60 ml of dimethylsulfoxide, 1 cm3, and 56 mmol of water, and 3.6 g, 20 mmol of trans-stilbene was transferred to a flask that is round bottomed (100ml). The solution then stirred hard at room temperature. For over ten minutes, 7.1 g with 40 mmol of N-bromosuccinimide was added portion by portion. The solution was left for twenty minutes to mix accordingly. The reaction was transferred to a separating funnel. The separating funnel (200ml) had iced water. Using 4 x 40 ml of diethyl ether after the ice is completely melted, the solution was extracted. Subsequently, the extract fron ethereal was drained with 50 ml of water and brine. The extract was thereafter dried by using MgSO4. On the bath the rotary evaporator concentrated the solutions. On the surface of the solution, white crystals were formed. Further

Life of a Slave Girl Essay Example for Free

Life of a Slave Girl Essay Harriet A. Jacobs Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl is an autobiography written under the name of Linda Brent. This autobiography is a detailed account of her life or lack thereof. I use the term lack thereof because Harriet Jacobs was raised by her grandmother due to her mother dying at a young age. Harriet was taught to read and write as a young slave girl by her mistress. Harriet’s grandmother was a well-respected older slave woman who gained her freedom in the last will and testament of her mistress. Jacobs is determined not to be raped or surrender all her rights to anyone. Jacobs didn’t know she was a slave until she was almost a teenager. Her mother had passed away and the sad reality of her life as a slave sunk in. Harriet was raised to possess great moral character and virtue. During this time in history black women were â€Å"slaves of a slave† (Beal p.13).Frances Beal made that observation due to black women being subservient and degraded by their slave owners and their black men. Not all slave owners allowed their slaves to marry. With that in mind black women often were used and misused by their own race and their masters. Jacobs displays great determination to remain true to chastity despite constant stalking and demeaning remarks by Dr. Flint. In 1842 Harriet Jacobs escapes to freedom, this was at a great price she gave herself willing to the unmarried lawyer next door and bore him two children. Jacobs hid in a 3foot crawl space at her grandmother’s home for seven years. There was no light or room for her to stand up in that small space. Mice and insects crawled on her body and she hid there to avoid Dr. Flint. Jacobs’s story is a testament to what determination and a strong will can produce. Jacobs’s construction of black female empowerment was openly displayed throughout her story. She did not allow intimidation to prohibit her from believing in the hope that she was more than a slave. Harriet displayed this attitude in all that she did she stayed one step ahead of Dr. Flint. To talk of the brutality that was perpetrated by slave owners on slave girls and women was taboo. Not only was it taboo but it was also unheard of. Harriet Jacobs was given a strong will and mind by God. She added to what God gave her by taking the advice of her grandmother. During this time in history black women were raped, molested, tortured, degraded and exploited economically. Black women worked on plantations picking cotton, cooking and cleaning their homes and nursing the mistress babies while most times their children were neglected. There was no possible way you had a right because you were property and property can’t own property (Jacobs). Dr. Flint told Harriet she was made for his use, made to obey his command in everything; that she was nothing but a slave, whose will must and should surrender to his (Jacobs). Harriet would not accept those words. Harriet would not accept that sentence he pronounced on her life. Jacobs knew she had a brain and could think for herself and despite what society had dictated to her race and to black women she would help to free other black women. The United States grew on the backs of slaves male and female. Yes our men suffered great injustices. However, our black women suffered also. There is yet a debate for some as to who suffered the most during slavery. I will say this as a people we have suffered tremendously. There are no words that can replace the separation of families. The loss of parents and children who would die trying to purchase a child that God had allowed them to birth. If you birth a child isn’t that child yours? According to slave rules and regulations slaves were nothing and if a slave girl gave birth to a child that was the master’s she could not tell a soul. Not even the black man who she tried to make believe that he fathered the child. If the slave told that the child was the master’s she could be killed, sold or imprisoned (Jacobs). Certain black men are maintaining that they have been castrated by society but that black women somehow escaped this persecution and even contributed to this emasculation. The black woman had no protector and was used and in some cases, as the scapegoat for the evils this horrendous system has perpetrated on black men (Rubenstein). This statement rings true now as we look at the single parent homes of today. Today black women are yet subverting societal convention. We are yet rising above our current economic and socioeconomic status. In spite of great disadvantages and struggles black women are innovators. The black woman’s physical image has been distorted for societies view. We were called ‘mammies† From slavery through the Jim Crow era, the mammy image served the political, social, and economic interests of mainstream white America. During slavery, the mammy caricature was posted as proof that blacks in this case, black women were contented, even happy, as slaves. Her wide grin, hearty laugher, and loyal servitude were offered as evidence of the supposed humanity of the institution of slavery (Ferris). The mammy caricature was deliberately constructed to suggest ugliness. Mammy was portrayed as dark-skinned; often pitch black, in a society that regarded black skin as ugly, tainted. She was obese, sometimes morbidly overweight. Moreover, she was often portrayed as old, or at least middle-aged. The attempt was to desexualize mammy. The implicit assumption was this: No reasonable white man would choose a fat, elderly black woman instead of the idealized white woman. The black mammy was portrayed as lacking all sexual and sensual qualities (Ferris). This was a well calculated plan executed by the white slave owners. This was done to provide a false sense of security to the white woman. Mammy was some bogus reassurance that their ideal life style was not in danger of being destroyed. Harriet was able to expose this injustice through her writings. Jacobs’s writings were shared with whites and blacks. Exposing the dark pit of slavery and his secrets is what Harriet Jacobs and several other noteworthy African American literary abolitionists did. Their writing was productive and powerful. Their writings provided hope to other black people who dared to even dream of freedom. African American women suffered hardships of oppression and yet while being oppressed and depressed black women were inspired to write. They were compelled to share their story with others. Although, the recollection of the events that shaped their lives was not pleasant memories; they knew they could not remain silent. They knew that they had to tell the story in hopes and saving their race. My people perish for a lack of knowledge (Hosea 4).Knowledge of what was exactly going on in the deep dark south would hopefully and eventually save lives. Spreading the truth about slavery would expedite freedom for the black race. During slavery it was also believed that black slave girls were promiscuous this undoubtedly was another untruth placed upon the black race. However, this untruth was widely used as an excuse to sexually exploit the black female. This is what was used as the carte blanche to allow more evils upon the black slave girl. Black women continued to be oppressed for many years because society would not see black women as citizens. The de-eroticism of mammy meant that the white wife and by extension, the white family was safe. The sexual exploitation of black women by white