Does Democracy Facilitate Economic Reforms Essay

Does Democracy Facilitate Economic Reforms - Essay Example Moreover, human rights protection, secularism, freedom of expression, lack of censoring etc are some other characteristics of Indian democracy. On the other hand, India’s neighbouring countries like Myanmar/Burma, North Korea, Pakistan, Afghanistan etc are struggling to mobilize their internal resources because of the lack of democracy in these countries. These countries have severe internal problems which retard their efforts to attain economic growth. Pakistan and Afghanistan are believed to be the major contributors to global terrorism and they are facing the consequences of it now. Burma and North Korea don’t have any belief in freedom, liberty and human rights and their slow economic progress underlines importance of democracy in maintaining economic progress. Pakistan is considered as a democratic country by the Pak government and the Pak people; however, external political observers have strong disagreements. In a true democratic country, judiciary, executive and parliament will combine well and function together for the progress of the country. In Pakistan, these democratic institutions often clash each other. We have witnessed the removal of Pak Supreme court judge by the former Pakistan president Pervez Musharaf and the subsequent problems in Pakistan. â€Å"An independent judiciary prospers only in countries where democracy, human rights and in particular a free press, set a general framework stabilizing the rule of law† (Tomuschat, p.308). Judiciary is considered as an independent body functioning in a democratic country. Normally a democratic government will respect the rulings of the Supreme Court in that country even if they have different opinions. It is the duty of... This paper approves that democratization puts in place a system of checks and balances that penalizes self-interested leaders, and creates an atmosphere conducive to economic liberalization policies whereas communism encourages the legacy of exploitation. In most of the nondemocratic countries, the power rested entirely on the shoulders of some dictators. These dictators may not have much interest in the development of the country because of the absence of any objections against their policies. In the absence of democratic institutional reform, it is nearly impossible to implement liberalisation policies that seek to de-monopolise the economy, and open it to competition. Healthy competition is necessary for the implementation of the economic reformation process. In the absence of competition, nobody will take much interest in seeking new ways to improve their productivity or competing power and the hence the economy will never grow. This report makes a conclusion that without doubt or second thoughts, we can say that democracy facilitates economic reforms. Except China, most of the other countries which implemented economic reforms and achieved growth are democratic countries and hence the importance of democracy in stimulating economic growth cannot be neglected. China’s success in implementing economic reforms can be attributed to their readiness in borrowing and implementing some of the core principles of democratic administrations. In short, democracy and its principles definitely facilitate economic reforms.

Foreign policy assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foreign policy - Assignment Example This was a widely successful move in relation to American interests – the United States no longer needed a massive military in the way it had previously, and the free trade initiatives he instigated such as NAFTA spurred the United States to some of the biggest budget surpluses it has known in recent memory. He was moderately successful at achieving his objectives in Geo-Economics – the world became more integrated, but at the cost of some human rights that Clinton advocated for. His Policy on democratic enlargement was based on the fact that new nation-states were emerging out of the wreckage of the Soviet Union, and their long term stability would be best be served by democratic engagement of the population and the formation of democratic governance. This was a good target for national interests – these new states had many of the resources left over from the Soviet Union, such as stockpiles of nuclear weapons, and if they were thrown into chaos they would have been incredibly dangerous. Democracy has been demonstrated as one of the best long-term stabilizing forces, especially when the population is receptive to it. His focus on Ex-Soviet states, however, proved problematic – the United States has spent the decade since the close of the Clinton presidency fighting issues in the Middle East that arrive, at least in part, from Clinton’s willingness to let autocratic regimes continue brutal oppression there unchecked, for instance Saudi Arabia. (Hook &. Spanier, 2010, p 70). 2. Explain how the processes of integration and fragmentation are occurring simultaneously in world politics since the Cold War. Give examples of each. In what ways are these processes constructive and/or destructive? In your opinion, how should US foreign policy be crafted to take these trends into account? Integration is the process of bringing of people of different racial or ethnic groups with a similar interest into unrestricted and equal association. Intergration occurs when two or more states, with a common interest sign treaties and agree to form a body characterized by a physical secretariat, personnel, equipments and a budget. These institutions are normally referred as an Inter-Governmental organization. An example is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) which was formed in 1949 after the end of the World War 2. Fragmentation on the other hand refers to a process where organizations, which were once united, separate or break into different groups or join other groups or none at all. An example is the War Saw Pact that came to being as a response to NATO which fragmented at the end of the Cold War. As a result of the fragmentation of War Saw Pact, trade between countries of Eastern Europe and Western Europe increased and this lead to increased economic growth. The constructive element of NATO is that it managed to keep USSR from invading Western Europe. The US Foreign Policy should be crafted by first analyzing the past experiences of integrative and fragmentive processes. On successful integrative processes, the US should analyze their reasons for success and failure before crafting any foreign policy. On Fragmentation, they should learn from institutions which fragmented in-order to avoid formulating policies that are doomed

Financial management of channel tunnel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial management of channel tunnel - Essay Example Eurotunnel was mainly financed by bank loans from a large consortium of over 100 European and Japanese banks. Eurotunnel also raised substantial amounts of equity in four public offerings during the construction of the Tunnel, mainly from small shareholders in France and the UK. The marketing of the shares was pitched towards small shareholders. In the end, the Channel Tunnel costs about 10 billion to build (compared with initial estimates 8 years earlier of about 5 billion). Of this 10 billion, 8 billion was raised in debt from banks and 2 billion in equity. The last fund-raising exercise took place in May 1994, just 2 months before the new services were to begin, when 800 million of new equity and 700 million of debt was raised to get the project finished and up and running. By then the banks and many shareholders were very nervous about the costs and delays to the project and the prospects of recouping their investment. Eurotunnel shareholders have seen their investment crumble by around 90% since the company went public in 1987. Construction costs spiralled and revenues fell short of forecasts, leaving the company struggling with debts of 9bn (6.4bn). Shareholders have never been paid a dividend. The UK government has already made it clear that there can be no question of any public money for Eurotunnel, and there is no change in that position. Eurotunnel shareholders are mostly French private investors. But it said it could not afford to do so without help in cutting the burden of repayments on debts which it ran up during vast cost over-runs on the tunnel's construction in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Euro tunnel begs for rescue plan (Clark, 2004)2. 2. Andrew, Clark, (2004) Guardian, retrieved from the website on 19th Feb' 06. (http://www.guardian.co.uk/) Financial Management of Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL) The Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL) is the largest civil engineering infrastructure project currently being constructed in the UK with a budget of 5.3 billion (S$14.8 billion). The Project is split into two sections. Section 1, 70 km long from the Channel Tunnel to Fawkham Junction in North Kent is scheduled for completion and operational running of Eurostar trains by September 2003. Section 2, 39 km long, completes the Link from North Kent to St Pancras in central London and is programmed to be operational in January 2007 (Davies and Joy, 2004)2. The London & Continental Railways Limited (LCR) was awarded the contract to build the CTRL in February 1996 and to run the British arm of the Eurostar International train service (Eurostar UK). Initially, LCR proposed to fund the construction of the link from private finance through debt and equity raised on the back of future revenue from Eurostar, UK and from direct government grants. This overtly optimistic plan backfired and LCR abandoned its plans to raise private finance and approached the Department for additional grants in return for a share of future profits. After reviewing the options, the department of transport decided to restructure the existing deal with LCR. In 1998, the government set out the principles of a negotiated restructuring which enhanced public

The Gamble House Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

The Gamble House - Essay Example Gamble House mood and symmetries tend to be different from other spacious contemporary buildings that were done in the 1900s. It has a casual mood that matches its localized symmetry. A very good example of the localization of symmetry in the masterpiece is the symmetrical organization of forms and spaces in relations to one another. In the three floors, the ceiling heights are different. The first-floor ceiling was the lowest while the den ceiling was the highest. Throughout the building, the scales and the forms shift constantly as one move from the interior towards the front and rear areas. The inclusion of the Gamble family attic in the third floor helped in making it a billiard room. A family crest, trailing rose and a crane were artistically integrated into many locations. Gamble House outdoor also symbolizes the historical building plans used in America during the 1990s. Outside the second-floor bedrooms are exterior porches that could be used for entertainment or for sleeping. The main terrace of the building was strategically designed and built to be privately beyond the back of the residence. Clinker boulders garden walls were also included to decorate the rear facade. The paths in the compound were made from stones forming a running brook across the lawns. The landscape and the garden elements were integrated into the required proportions and details. The Asian and Japanese influence on the structure can also be seen in the leaded glasses and the pine motif on the front door.

The Impact of Embryonic Stem Cells on Regenerative Medicine Essay

The Impact of Embryonic Stem Cells on Regenerative Medicine - Essay Example This according to me has lead to successful harvesting of human embryonic stem cell. These cells have unrestricted ability. Hence I strongly believe this may possibly permit permanent repair of failing organs by injecting healthy cells produced from human embryonic cells. Again I believe skeptics might refute pluripotent stem cells as tumorogenic. Qualified researchers from Stanford school of Medicine have discovered an innovative yet distinct method of synthesizing liver cells from fat cells extracted from human body. This new method takes less time and produces more liver cells in the process. Other methods such as i-Heps and spherical culture take more time. Therefore since this is the most effective effort and just takes nine days, it should be adopted for faster advancement that the conventional means for liver-poisoning victims seeking transplantation. To start with this process, adipose cells are obtained from liposuction treatments or the removal of fat cells from the patient s bodies. This study at the Stanford University School of Medicine has been successful in transforming adipose stem cells into liver cells. Therefore this new discovery should be adopted because it will start producing immense potential for regenerative medicine. Ideally, the researchers were able to discover that induced pluripotent cells (iPS) had the potential to be used as possible option to human embryonic stem cells. However, some other people believe that some implications could be used to examine the molecular factors of Marfan on an adopted basis (Goldman 1) There is no doubt that the breakthrough of induced pluripotency denotes the synthesis of scientific standards and technologies that have been created over the past sixty years. I have come to learn that somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a dominant tool to investigate the experimental potential of cells; therefore it is quite difficult and not all suitable for generic and biochemical research. Also, this method is important has amounted to further improvement towards isolating iPSCs since the discovery of immortal pluripotent cells from teratocarcinomas (Stadfeld and Hochedlinger 2239-2263). This method is as well important because the discovery of lineage-linked transcription elements, which assist to identify and sustain cellular activity during growth by influencing the articulation of cell form particular genes while suppressing lineage-inappropriate genes, might possibly transform cells outcome where ectopically articulated in specific heterologous cells. However to establish transcriptional controllers so that they might reprogram adult cells into pluripotent cells, it is necessary to develop a magnificent screen for aspects inside a cluster of 24 pluripotency-connected candidate genes that will have the potential for activating a latent drug resistance allele that will be integrated into ESC-specific locus. The methods for deriving iPSCs which do not contain transgenic series are the b est because they are aimed at isolating the potentially destructive impacts of leaky transgenic expression and supplementary mutagenesis. In my view, this is particularly essential when taking into consideration iPSC technology in a therapeutic situation. To understand more about my topic, you will need to learn more about iPSCs. The first insertion free iPSCs were produced from adult mouse hepatocytes using non-integrating adenoviral, and the mouse embryonic fibroblasts. I suspect researchers used these tests so as to provide proof of standard that transitory appearance of the four classical reprogramming aspects of common integration location in iPSCs generated with retroviruses substantiate this argument. In searching the

Cybercrime Prevention Guide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cybercrime Prevention Guide - Essay Example Thus, any unlawful activity where a computer is used as a tool or a target or both comes under the definition of the cyber crime. Cyber Crimes can be categorized in the followings, according to Potts (2002): A crime where a computer or different computers are targeted over the network, for example, spreading of viruses etc. The computer may also be used to commit the traditional crimes, as widely used and easy access; for example, illegal gambling, money frauds etc. The computer may also be used as a file cabinet to store illegal information. For instance, drug trafficker using the computer to store the data of his sources, inventory etc. There seems to be not much between conventional crimes and the cyber crimes, but still if we dig deep then as per the above mentioned definitions a cyber crime is any crime where the computer is used. Laws are introduced and enforced in most of the countries to counter the cyber crime because there used to be a time when this was not unlawful as per the laws of most the countries and provisions are being made in order to cater this. With the growth in computer technology, new ways are being devised by the criminals in order to perform the illegal activities; the same is being done in order to cater against these (Brenner, 2010). ... code induced into the software of an application or the operating system of an organization that is triggered on a specific time period or by some triggering action of it. The nature of Logic Bombs is basically malicious, and they act same as a virus or a Trojan horse when activated by the triggering action. All those viruses that are to be released at some triggering action also fall into the category of a logic bomb (Parsons, Oja and Low, 1999). An organization applications and database are always vulnerable to such attacks. As the data represent the most critical factor for any organization, most of the applications that are being used are there to perform the operations and keep the data in an organized manner (Venkatraman, 2003). When such an attack is planted on data, nobody knows to what extent it may damage the organization because such an attack may not only destroy the data on the hard disks of the individual user, but may be planted to destroy the data kept in the servers. It may be planted to cover some financial frauds by some individual or a group of individuals, because when records are destroyed, they cannot be held responsible for anything. It may be planted on the application program by some cranky that runs the production unit. That may change the recipe, and the mixing of the raw materials to generate the final project; that is also financially not suitable for the organization. It will clearly mean that the end product made by this is a waste and it will hit the company badly because it will increase the wasted products amount (Brenner, 2010). Signs of Logic Bomb Attack Parsons, Oja and Low (1999) mentioned in their book that sometimes it is very easy to detect a logic bomb attack, especially if it is a virus attack on the network of an

The Impact of Embryonic Stem Cells on Regenerative Medicine Essay

The Impact of Embryonic Stem Cells on Regenerative Medicine - Essay Example This according to me has lead to successful harvesting of human embryonic stem cell. These cells have unrestricted ability. Hence I strongly believe this may possibly permit permanent repair of failing organs by injecting healthy cells produced from human embryonic cells. Again I believe skeptics might refute pluripotent stem cells as tumorogenic. Qualified researchers from Stanford school of Medicine have discovered an innovative yet distinct method of synthesizing liver cells from fat cells extracted from human body. This new method takes less time and produces more liver cells in the process. Other methods such as i-Heps and spherical culture take more time. Therefore since this is the most effective effort and just takes nine days, it should be adopted for faster advancement that the conventional means for liver-poisoning victims seeking transplantation. To start with this process, adipose cells are obtained from liposuction treatments or the removal of fat cells from the patient s bodies. This study at the Stanford University School of Medicine has been successful in transforming adipose stem cells into liver cells. Therefore this new discovery should be adopted because it will start producing immense potential for regenerative medicine. Ideally, the researchers were able to discover that induced pluripotent cells (iPS) had the potential to be used as possible option to human embryonic stem cells. However, some other people believe that some implications could be used to examine the molecular factors of Marfan on an adopted basis (Goldman 1) There is no doubt that the breakthrough of induced pluripotency denotes the synthesis of scientific standards and technologies that have been created over the past sixty years. I have come to learn that somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a dominant tool to investigate the experimental potential of cells; therefore it is quite difficult and not all suitable for generic and biochemical research. Also, this method is important has amounted to further improvement towards isolating iPSCs since the discovery of immortal pluripotent cells from teratocarcinomas (Stadfeld and Hochedlinger 2239-2263). This method is as well important because the discovery of lineage-linked transcription elements, which assist to identify and sustain cellular activity during growth by influencing the articulation of cell form particular genes while suppressing lineage-inappropriate genes, might possibly transform cells outcome where ectopically articulated in specific heterologous cells. However to establish transcriptional controllers so that they might reprogram adult cells into pluripotent cells, it is necessary to develop a magnificent screen for aspects inside a cluster of 24 pluripotency-connected candidate genes that will have the potential for activating a latent drug resistance allele that will be integrated into ESC-specific locus. The methods for deriving iPSCs which do not contain transgenic series are the b est because they are aimed at isolating the potentially destructive impacts of leaky transgenic expression and supplementary mutagenesis. In my view, this is particularly essential when taking into consideration iPSC technology in a therapeutic situation. To understand more about my topic, you will need to learn more about iPSCs. The first insertion free iPSCs were produced from adult mouse hepatocytes using non-integrating adenoviral, and the mouse embryonic fibroblasts. I suspect researchers used these tests so as to provide proof of standard that transitory appearance of the four classical reprogramming aspects of common integration location in iPSCs generated with retroviruses substantiate this argument. In searching the